Russia and Ukraine continue to prepare for the possibility of a long war, focusing on increasing its military capacity. Both countries are actively increasing the production of military equipment and ammunition, constructing fortifications on the front lines and significantly altering mobilization legislation to provide the required number of soldiers for their troops.
Ukraine has already introduced many innovations in the mobilization process, in particular in mid -May, while Russia has been in force for more than a year, and others are planned for the fall of 2024.
The main purpose of both countries is to cover as much of the male population as much as possible, which will allow them to easily replenish the mobilization reserve for war.
The Ukrainian side publicly announces the estimated number of recruits for the Armed Forces of Ukraine in about 500 thousand people. Meanwhile, the Russian side is still denying the preparation of a new wave of mobilization, although some Russian media are already discussing plans for a set of 300,000 fighters.
Military experts of the Air Force of Ukraine are engaged in comparing the mobilization legislation of both countries to determine which of them is stall and, accordingly, more effectively to solve the tasks.
Ukraine is mobilizing from the moment of a full -scale Russian invasion of February 24, 2022. This process continues by the decisions of the President and Parliament, which are updated every three months.
In Russia, President Vladimir Putin announced "partial mobilization" only on September 21, 2022. Although this announcement was not officially canceled, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation declared the completion of "mobilization measures" at the end of October of that year.
According to official statistics, 302 thousand mobilized military managed to attract.
Upon completion of "mobilization measures" in Russia, the Ministry of Defense chose two ways to replenish the troops: recruiting foreigners from poor Africa and Asia and recruiting volunteers for contract service under coercion or for a major financial reward.
The Kremlin actively applies a strategy of stimulating soldiers of conscript service to go to contract service to involve in hostilities in Ukraine. The difference from Ukraine, the conscript service in the Russian Federation is not stopped during the war.
According to British intelligence, in 2024, Russian authorities plan to attract about 400 thousand people in the contract service. In 2023, the Kremlin reported almost 500,000 "volunteers".
In Ukraine, men from 25 to 60 years are mobilized, with the earlier age limit of 27 years.
Russia has no such clear restrictions. The Ministry of Defense has stated that only those who are in stock, have the experience of service and the appropriate military accounting specialty. In this reserve may be Russians aged 18 to 65 years. It should be borne in mind that from 18 to 30 years is a conscript age for conscript service, after which men usually go into stock.
Several times the Kremlin government has publicly stated that it did not plan to use on the front lines, although at the beginning of a full -scale invasion, the Russian Federation acknowledged that such cases occurred.
From the beginning of the war, Ukraine does not carry out large -scale conscription, so men aged 18 to 25 can only join military service at their own request, signing a contract with the Armed Forces of Ukraine.
It is soon planned to replace conscript service with the basic military service of 3-5 months, as well as basic military training for students of higher education. This will start from September next year.
It is worth noting that according to Western media and experts, Russia's mobilization potential is estimated at about 12-20 million people, while Ukraine is 4-5 million.
Even before the end of the war (or its "special military operation") demobilization is not provided in either Russia or Ukraine.
Methods for causing men to appear in military enlistment offices (TCCs) seem to have become much more effective, thanks to the latest events in Russia and Ukraine. As a former stumbling stone for military warriors, the procedure for handing the stories has undergone significant changes in both countries.
In Russia, new legislation provides for the use of electronic stories that will become an electronic document. This decision was made by the State Duma in April last year, but electronic summons will only enter into force on November this year, at the same time as the launch of the Unified Electronic Register of Military Accounting. Such summons will be automatically considered presented immediately after sending, even if the recipient does not see or ignore them.
Since the placement of the electronic summons in the military enlistment office, the Russian will be forbidden to travel outside the country before appearing in the military enlistment office. This term is 20 days. In case of non -compliance, temporary restrictions can be applied, such as a ban on driving of vehicles, work as an individual entrepreneur, obtaining loans or the purchase of real estate.
Ukraine also introduces a new story system, although with a different approach. Under the new rules, the summons will be sent by a registered letter to the military. Even if the citizen does not take this letter from the mail, the summons will be considered served.
The legislation also enables the CCC to issue penalties without drawing up a protocol, if there is evidence that a person has received a summons and deliberately ignored it. This mechanism is similar to the issuance of penalties for violation of traffic rules by automatic cameras.
Thus, both countries are taking steps to ensure the efficiency and accuracy of the story process to ensure military registration and recruitment of servicemen during the war.
In Ukraine, the penalties for violation of military accounting and mobilization during martial law have increased significantly. Territorial military commissariats (CCCs) can now calculate a fine of 17 to 25.5 thousand hryvnias, which is about $ 420 - $ 630. This is about 10-40% higher than the average salary in Ukraine in the first quarter of 2024.
Enterprises where employees' military accounting rules can also pay a fine of 34 to 59.5 thousand hryvnias during the war.
In the event of refusal or ignoring a "combat" summons or mobilization order, Ukrainians are threatened with criminal liability in the form of prison imprisonment from 3 to 5 years.
Last year, there was a significant increase in fines for violation of military accounting rules. For example, for failure to appear in the military enlistment office you can get a sentence of 10 to 30 thousand rubles ($ 110 - $ 330). Employers who do not contribute to military enlistment offices in the notification of conscripts threaten a fine of up to 500 thousand rubles ($ 5.5 thousand).
This situation does not suit the Russian authorities, so last year the development of a new law was announced, which provides for criminal liability for evasion of mobilization. The defendants are offered to fine up to 500 thousand rubles or impose a prison period up to 5 years.
This bill has not yet been approved.
Departure abroad
Since the beginning of a full -scale war, Ukrainian citizens have limited the possibility of traveling abroad, except for those who have a deferral, booking or received special permits from state bodies.
In April this year, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced the temporary termination of consular services to Ukrainian citizens in connection with the change of mobilization legislation. Now, all Ukrainians aged 18 to 60 who are or live abroad can only receive consular services after presenting a military accounting document and updating data.
In Russia, it is forbidden to leave the country only to those conscripts who have already sent the summons. However, in early May, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation published a project of a new procedure for issuing foreign passports to the Russians. According to this project, citizens who have received electronic summons will not issue documents abroad, especially a foreign passport.
In addition, according to Russian law, conscripts are obliged to notify the military enlistment office of departures from Russia for a period of more than three months, if this period includes spring or autumn call. At the same time, citizens who have withdrawn from military accounting due to long -term residence abroad do not send summons.
Prisoners mobilization
Since the summer of 2022, Russia is actively involved in prisoners in hostilities. This was especially active in the Wagner private military company. However, this practice was regulated only in 2023-2024. Prior to that, President Putin personally resolved the issue of release of prisoners by individual pardon.
Later, the State Duma adopted laws that allow them to be released early with prison and release from criminal liability to those who have concluded a contract with the army of the Russian Federation. All prisoners and persons with criminal record must be on military accounting.
The Ukrainian Parliament also passed a similar law in May this year. According to this Law, Ukrainian prisoners can come to freedom by a court decision ahead of time, if they agree to conclude a contract with the army. They will serve in "specialized units".
This right is imprisoned who are not older than 57 years and convicted of various crimes, such as robbery, theft, grievous injuries, as well as the murder of one person or committing a traffic accident. However, exceptions are convicted of sexual abuse, espionage, terrorism, separatism, murder of two or more persons or corruption.
According to the Ministry of Justice, about 4.5 thousand prisoners have already given prior consent to the service in the Armed Forces of Ukraine.
Who may not serve
Russia and Ukraine have similar lists of citizens who can take advantage of a delay from conscription.
In Ukraine, high -ranking officials, judges, law enforcement officers and deputies of the Verkhovna Rada together with two assistants have the right to non -disrepair in the army. In Russia, such privileges have employees of the authorities and local self -government, senators and deputies of the State Duma.
In both countries, large men (in Ukraine-with three children in Ukraine, in Russia-with four), students, persons who care for sick relatives, have disabilities or are single parents of a minor child.
In Ukraine, it is also allowed not to serve one of the spouses if they have a minor child, and the other partner is already in service in the army, as well as former prisoners and pedagogical workers who work at least 0.75 rates.
In Russia, the right to booking has the employees of accredited IT companies, communication operators and employees providing the functioning of communications. In Ukraine, workers of "critical infrastructure objects" who meet three of the seven criteria, such as lack of debt on payment of the ESA and high salary, have the right to booking. Such objects can be different-from IT companies to media and circuses.
